What Are The Main Causes of Genocide As the Genocide Convention of 1. Kaye and Strth 2. Nevertheless, the twentieth century was termed the century of genocide because of the high number of cases of genocide during that time period Bartrop 2. For the purpose of this essay, the definition of genocide will be taken from the Genocide Convention, which defines genocide as intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The genocide of the Armenians, the Holocaust and the genocide in Rwanda are the three genocides of the twentieth century that fit that definition Destexhe 1. Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' title='Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' />In this essay, the causes of modern genocide will be investigated using these three genocides as case studies. There are various reasons why genocide may occur and it is often a combination of circumstances that leads to genocide. The present essay will investigate the underlying conditions that make genocide possible, while leaving out catalytic events that may trigger genocide. The essay will firstly draw on the works of Horkheimer and Adorno in examining the relations between Enlightenment ideas and genocide. The correlations between war and economic crises will be subject to analysis in the second part of the essay. Finally, the creation of out groups and in groups will be explored. While these are certainly not the only causes of genocide, they may be deemed to be pre conditions. Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' title='Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' />Raphael Lemkin coined the term genocide in the 1. Holocaust in mind, which for him signified the return of an enlightened people to barbarism Freeman 1. Similarly, Foster 1. Holocaust as an aberration of an enlightened and developed nation. However, there are other scholars who argue that genocide is not an exception of Enlightenment but in fact a result of it. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Screen%20Shot%202017-06-24%20at%2013.02.33.png' alt='Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' title='Dialectic Enlightenment Adorno Pdf' />The Elusive Karl Polanyi The Elusive Karl Polanyi Daniel Luban squarf Spring 2017 Polanyi wrote that Red Viennas attempt to transcend the market economy produced. Horkheimer and Adorno 1. Install Softwares Without Administrator Permission To Change there. Enlightenment, which are human emancipation and rationality, alienate humans from nature and result in men wanting to control nature and, in turn, other people as well. Bauman 1. 98. 9 9. Enlightenment, the extermination of a people serves to establish a perfect society. The Enlightenment brought with it the belief in an evolutionary development towards a better society through state engineering Bauman 1. Kaye and Strth 2. Gardening and modern medicine were used as metaphors for human tasks that would improve a society Bauman 1. Top 50 Mmorpg Games. In the enlightened world, a state can become a wonderful utopia Hamburg 2. Bauman 1. 98. 9 1. It is a modern idea that everything can be measured and classified, even a race and its character Bauman 1. This classification of races, coupled with the modern idea of a constantly improvable society, leads to Social Darwinist ideas of the survival of the fittest Kaye and Strth 2. Armenians Balakian 2. Jews Bauman 1. 98. Tutsi Mullen 2. 00. Therefore, in the mind of the rational and enlightened thinker, they were legitimate targets for extermination Kaye and Strth 2. This purifying of the state through genocide is reflected in the language of the genocidaires Stone 2. Armenians were termed tubercular microbes and a local politician asked rhetorically isnt it the duty of a doctor to destroy these microbes Balakian 2. Hitler spoke of the Jewish virus and that by eliminating the pest, he would do humanity a service Bauman 1. Not only medical terms were used to justify the killings. Gardening metaphors can also be found. In Rwanda, the chopping up of Tutsi men was called bush clearing and slaughtering women and children was labelled as pulling out the roots of the bad weeds Prunier 1. These three examples support Baumans theory that the Enlightenment brought about the idea of being able to socially engineer a perfect state. Genocide was consequently justified by the idea of purifying the state through tasks that a doctor or a gardener would employ in order to improve an unhealthy body or a garden. Naturally, not every enlightened nation will descend into genocide. There are other factors that influence a states likeliness of genocide. According to Staub 2. He argues that during times of hardship, humans feel the need to protect themselves, which can result in losing respect for another group or blaming that group for the present conditions. Often, there is a history of long standing animosities towards the group that is blamed, such as with the Jews in Europe and the Tutsi in Rwanda Frster 2. However, Staub 2. The parallels between war and genocide will now be examined, before the connection between economic crisis and genocide is made. According to Bartrop 2. First World War. He argues that due to the wars destructiveness, people were transformed into commodities, a condition in which a surplus population could simply be eliminated. Shaw 2. 00. 7 4. He has discovered that the major instances of genocide have clearly taken place in the context of war and militarisation. According to both Bartrop 2. Shaw 2. 00. 7 4. In the Ottoman Empire during the Second World War, Turkish leaders suspected the Armenians to be cooperating with Russia, which provided the rationale behind killing the entire group  Hamburg 2. In this instance, war provided the context as well as the pretext to make Turkish nationalist dreams come true Frster 2. The Holocaust, too, was used as a means to quietly destroy an undesired minority Hamburg 2. Jews were blamed for every woe of Germany, just like the Armenians were seen as an enemy to the state. Nazis blamed the loss of World War I on the Jews, which made it legitimate to kill that group Campbell 2. Fifty years later, in 1. Tutsi in Rwanda was accused of being part of the invading rebel army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front RPF, which consisted primarily of members of the Tutsi minority  Hintjens 1. Exterminating this enemy within was therefore framed as a justifiable act of self defence Bartrop 2. War is an exceptionally difficult life condition during which innocent groups can be seen as threats grievances towards that group are in rare occasions handled through genocide Campbell 2. The second difficult life condition Staub refers to is one of economic crisis. As with war, during times of a recession, people are inclined to find someone to blame for their misfortune Hamburg 2. In Hamburgss 2. Local leaders have learned that these feelings can be easily manipulated for their own goals, which may be the elimination of an unwanted minority Hamburg 2. Victims are often portrayed as wealthy and as willing to take advantage of other groups, which justifies killing that group Hamburg 2. With the World Economic Crisis in 1. Nazi party in Germany increased drastically Foster 1. The party blamed Jews for the crisis, which appealed to the general public, who were in want of a scapegoat for their condition Foster 1. Similarly, Tutsi in Rwanda were accused of bringing about the economic crisis in the 1. Hintjens 1. 99. 9 2. During times of an economic crisis people look for someone to blame. Turning towards a wealthy minority such as the Jews in Germany or the Tutsi in Rwanda is simple. If this is coupled with the local leaders who seek to exploit such grievances, it can lead to genocide. It has been shown that people are likely to build an out group during times of hardship. However, a further important factor is the need to belong to an in group during difficult times such as war or recession. In the words of Hamburg 2. Being part of something larger is, therefore, provided through belonging to a group.